The thyroid is the most important gland in our body as it secretes hormones T3+T4 that regulate metabolism, growth, stress levels and response to injury. Thyroid levels affect maternal and fetal well-being, so the changes that occur in the thyroid during pregnancy to cater to the growing fetus need to be well understood.
In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Dr. Juhi Jain, MBBS, MD, Director of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Madhukar Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Delhi, said, “Any disturbance in thyroid levels can have a profound impact on both mother and child. An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) can lead to adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight and low intelligence of the child.”
He further added, “An overactive gland (hyperthyroid) can lead to advanced outcomes such as preeclampsia in the mother – growth retardation, premature birth and fetal goiter in the fetus. Regular monitoring of mothers’ thyroid levels is essential to ensure the best outcome for mother and baby. Particularly the neurocognitive and intellectual functioning of the infant. There is a need to maintain TSH level <3 mU/L during pregnancy.
Sharing her expertise on this, Dr Dhivyambigai, Obstetrician and Gynecologist at Apollo Cradle and Children’s Hospital, Chennai said, “During pregnancy, the thyroid plays a vital role in the development of the fetus, which affects the baby’s growth and overall health. When the thyroid gland functions abnormally, it can affect the fetus in various ways. Some women may experience thyroid dysfunction when their thyroid either becomes underactive or overactive.”
According to him, it can be classified into several forms, which include –
- Hypothyroidism It is a condition where the thyroid gland produces less amount of hormones, which leads to stunted growth of the baby, low birth weight and delayed development.
- hyperthyroidism Is A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, increasing the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and even heart complications in the fetus.
Highlighting that untreated thyroid disorders during pregnancy can result in complications such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, and stillbirth, Dr. Dhivyambigai said, “Pregnant women with thyroid disorders require regular monitoring and proper treatment to keep thyroid hormone levels within normal limits. Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development, organ formation, and overall growth of the fetus. Therefore, managing thyroid health during pregnancy benefits the mother and ensures the well-being and healthy growth of the unborn baby. Regular health check-ups with obstetricians and endocrinologists are essential. Ensuring optimal thyroid function through medication, dietary changes, and regular monitoring can reduce these risks and aid healthy fetal development.
