When discussing lung cancer, smoking often dominates the conversation, and with good reason: it’s the leading cause. However, several important factors contribute to lung cancer risk that are often overlooked. In this article, we’ll explore these lesser-known causes and their effects.
Air Pollution
Air pollution, especially in the Delhi NCR region, presents a significant risk for lung cancer. High levels of PM2.5, fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers, penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing a variety of health problems, including lung cancer. PM2.5 is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen, the same as tobacco smoke. Even on its “cleanest” days, Delhi’s PM2.5 levels often exceed the World Health Organization’s safe limits, a stark contrast to European cities, where air quality standards are much higher and strictly adhered to.
Other forms of tobacco use
While direct smoking is widely recognized as a major risk factor, other forms of tobacco consumption also contribute to lung cancer risk. Chewing tobacco and the use of e-cigarettes or vaping devices are becoming increasingly popular, especially among the young urban population. Many young people mistakenly believe that vaping is a safer alternative to smoking. However, e-cigarettes contain harmful chemicals and carcinogens that can damage lung tissue and increase cancer risk.
sick building syndrome
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is another factor to consider. This condition occurs when occupants of a building experience serious health problems associated with time spent in the building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified. Poor ventilation, chemical contaminants from indoor sources such as adhesives, carpeting and upholstery, and biological contaminants such as mold and bacteria may contribute to SBS. While direct evidence linking SBS to lung cancer is limited, prolonged exposure to such an environment may cause respiratory problems that may increase cancer risk.
Radon Exposure
Radon, a colourless and odourless gas, is the second leading cause of lung cancer. It naturally occurs in soil and rocks, seeping into buildings through cracks and pores. Long-term exposure to high radon levels, especially in poorly ventilated spaces, substantially increases the risk of lung cancer. Unlike Western countries, where radon mapping is common, India lacks comprehensive radon gas mapping of its cities, leaving many residents unaware of the potential risk. This silent threat can be reduced by checking homes for radon and taking corrective measures.
asbestos exposure
Asbestos, which was once widely used in construction, insulation and various industries, now poses another serious threat. Inhaling asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer, as well as mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer. Although its use is now heavily regulated, older buildings and some businesses are still risky. Awareness and proper safety measures are important for those potentially at risk.
genetic factors
Genetics also play a role in lung cancer susceptibility. A family history of lung cancer can increase a person’s risk, regardless of smoking status or not. Genetic mutations, whether inherited or acquired, can predispose cells to become cancerous. Awareness of family medical history and discussions with healthcare providers about genetic testing can provide important insights and opportunities for early detection.
Occupational Hazards
Certain occupations, especially those that involve exposure to carcinogens such as diesel fumes, silica and various chemicals, increase the risk of lung cancer. Occupational safety regulations and protective measures are necessary to reduce these risks for workers.
In conclusion, while smoking remains a major risk factor for lung cancer, it is important to recognize and address other significant contributors. Public awareness and proactive measures can help reduce these overlooked risks, ultimately saving lives.
The author is Dr. Vikas Goswami, Director – Medical Oncology (Head & Neck, Gastrointestinal, Urology, Musculoskeletal).
Disclaimer: The veracity of the claims made in this article rests with the concerned hospital and doctor.
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