Before COVID-19 shook the world, hand sanitizer was hardly a must-have in a bag or pocket. But the pandemic made it prominent with its promise of helping people maintain hygiene and reduce the risk of infection. But did you know that most alcohol-based sanitizers contain ethanol, a colorless and intoxicating ingredient known for its ability to quickly kill bacteria and viruses. However, the European Union (EU) is now reviewing whether ethanol in biocidal products, including hand sanitizers, should be classified as a hazardous substance due to potential cancer and reproductive risks. The World Health Organization still considers ethanol to be safe for hand hygiene, and may not pose any health risks even when used extensively over time.
Will the EU ban ethanol?
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) flagged ethanol as a potentially toxic substance in an internal recommendation on 10 October. The report cites risks of cancer and complications during pregnancy, suggesting that ethanol may need to be replaced in cleaning and sanitation products. The Biocidal Products Committee is scheduled to meet between 25 and 27 November to discuss the scientific evidence. “If ethanol is found to have harmful effects on humans, the committee may recommend its replacement,” ECHA officials said.
“While these evaluations are important, current evidence suggests that occasional use of hand sanitizers is unlikely to pose a serious risk,” Dr. Manjusha Agarwal, senior consultant internal medicine at Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, tells Health Shots.
What is ethanol and why is it used in hand sanitizers?
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a clear, colorless liquid that is used in cleaning products, solvents, and as an antiseptic. In hand sanitizers, at least 60% ethanol concentration is recommended to effectively kill bacteria and viruses. Its strong antimicrobial properties make it ideal for preventing the spread of germs. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the FDA, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol-based sanitizers remain the most reliable options for hand hygiene. Dr. Manjusha Agarwal says: “The effectiveness of ethanol in disinfecting hands, when used in the right concentration, outweighs the potential risks in everyday use.”
Hand sanitizer for prevention of Covid-19
While hand sanitizers help reduce the spread of germs, the FDA notes that no sanitizers have been approved to directly prevent or treat COVID-19. The CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. When hand washing is not possible to effectively prevent the spread of the virus, alcohol-based sanitizers with a minimum of 60% alcohol can be used.
Ethanol vs. Non-Ethanol Hand Sanitizers
The CDC recommends avoiding hand sanitizers with less than 60% alcohol, as they may be less effective at killing bacteria and viruses. Non-alcohol-based sanitizers, which often contain benzalkonium chloride, may not provide the same level of protection. Both ethanol and isopropyl alcohol-based sanitizers are preferred for their proven efficacy. “Choosing the right sanitizer ensures better protection from infection while minimizing potential risks,” says Dr. Manjusha Agarwal.
How much alcohol should be in hand sanitizer?
Research shows that hand sanitizers are most effective when the alcohol content is between 60% and 95%. Low concentrations may slow microbial growth, but do not destroy germs effectively. Using sanitizers with insufficient alcohol may not kill as many different types of viruses and bacteria as higher concentrations. Experts recommend selecting products that meet CDC guidelines and follow usage instructions for safety and efficacy.
(Note to readers: This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your doctor with any questions you have about any medical condition.)
